Sarah Weddington: Roe vs. Wade :: Essays Papers

Sarah Weddington: Roe vs. Wade St. Olaf College's theme for Women's History Month is "Women in Politics." The featured guest speaker was Sarah Weddington, the attorney who, in 1973, argued the winning side of Roe vs. Wade before the United States Supreme Court. This decision significantly influenced women's reproductive rights by overturning the Texas interpretation of abortion law and making abortion legal in the United States. The Roe vs. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without restriction, and with restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy. It invalidated all state laws limiting women's access to abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy based on the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a part of the Bill of Rights. The Court's decision in this case was that the Ninth Amendment, "the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," protected a person's right to privacy. The alias "Jane Roe" was used for Norma McCorvey, on whose behalf the suit was originally filed, alleging that the abortion law in Texas violated her constitutional rights and the rights of other women. The defendant was the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas, Henry B. Wade. Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee were the plaintiff's lawyers. John Tolle, Jay Floyd and Robert Flowers were the defendant's lawyers. Those on the Supreme Court in support of the Roe vs. Wade decision were: Harry Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Chief Justice Warren Burger, William O. Douglas, Thurgood Marshall, Lewis Powell and Potter Stewart. Those in the dissent were William Rehnquist and Byron White. Although abortion has been legal for more than 30 years, the Roe vs. Wade decision is currently in jeopardy of being overturned by the Bush administration. Weddington divulged her personal fears about the decision being overturned by the court on any grounds. She stated that the damage will be long lasting and many women will suffer. Currently, there is a big effort by those opposed to abortion to give the fetus rights. Recent Bush administration regulations want to declare that a fetus is a child under the government's State Children's Health Insurance Program. This change would refute one of Weddington's arguments in Roe vs. Wade that the government has never treated the fetus as a person.

Social Marketing For Health Health And Social Care Essay

Fleshiness is common among grownups and kids and its prevalence is lifting twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours the hazard of fleshiness has increased twice since 1980 ( WHO, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to World Health Organisation, Obesity and overweight are the 5th chief cause for deceases globally. Harmonizing to a study one of the major causes of increased fleshiness in the kids is decreased physical activity, for illustration there is a alteration in the life manner of the kids every bit good as grownups due to increase in the ( John J Reilly, Ahmad R Dorosty ) . Fleshiness is considered as the most noticeable factor turn toing the length of service of the people all over the universe ( Stephen Holt ) . Harmonizing to the statics from NHS information Centre for wellness and societal attention ( 2011 ) about a one-fourth of grownups aged 16 or above were considered as corpulent in the twelvemonth 2009, that is 24 % of adult females and 22 % of work forces are classified as corpulent.What is fleshiness?European research workers classified fleshy as at or above 85th percentile and fleshiness every bit at or above 95th percentile of BMI ( Dehghan, Danesh and Merchant, 2005 ) ( paraphrasis ) Fleshiness is a status where the cholesterin bed accumulates in the organic structure and adipose tissue of the tegument to a point where it becomes a wellness hazard. The human organic structure can afford to roll up a small excess fat but when the fat accretion exceeds the minimal extent, it interferes with the general wellness issues and becomes a cause of great concern.How do I happen out whether I am corpulent?The easiest and most efficient manner to happen out if you are corpulent is to look into your organic structure mass index. The organic structure Mass Index ( BMI ) is calculated by spliting a individual ‘s organic structure weight by his/her tallness. The statistical benchmarks set by World Health Organization ( WHO ) define a BMI of 25 or more as ‘overweight ‘ 25, and a individual with a BMI of 30 or more is labeled as ‘obese ‘ . However it is observed that chronic wellness hazards increase from a BMI value of 21 onward.Badness of the job:In the United Kingdom, fleshiness in kids increased from 9.9 % in 1995 to 13.7 % in 2003.3 Childhood fleshiness is a world-wide issue, approximately 10 % of school age kids all over the universe are estimated to be corpulent or fleshy ( Janet James, 2007 ) .Factors doing the job:The present life manner is wholly filled with mental emphasis and people are busy with their modus operandi activities which is impacting the their life manner without holding clip to pass for healthy activities like some exercising and holding a healthy diet. These factors may take to fast nutrient civilization and sedentary life manner which is considered as one of the major factor in fleshiness. The accustomed activities like passing more clip in indoor games like picture games and watching the telecasting for drawn-out periods which affects the physical activity taking to a sedentary life manner may increase the opportunity of going corpulent ( Dehghan, Danesh and Merchant, 2005 ) . The instability between the Calories consumed and the sum of energy spent is an of import factor that causes the fat to roll up in the organic structure doing fleshiness ( WHO, 2011 ) . The nutrient behaviors are considered as another of import factor for fleshiness. Devouring the high fat content nutrient like fast nutrients and taking surplus of nutrient as a wont. The personal behaviors like extra consumption of intoxicant and smoke wonts are besides considered as the causes of fleshiness ( Evans et al, 2010 ) .What are the inauspicious effects associated with fleshiness:Fleshiness may do multiple jobs including physical, physiological and psychological jobs. In add-on to being a cause of physical hurt for the individual, fleshiness paves manner for assorted chronic diseases every bit good. The assorted medical jobs that can be initiated or aggravated by fleshiness include diabetes, malignant neoplastic disease, high blood force per unit area, unnatural blood fats, degenerative arthritis, sleep apnoea, fatty liver diseases, saddle sore vesica diseases, birthrate and gestation jobs, in add-on to the physical uncomfortableness and psychological emphasis ( WHO, 2011 ) . VanItallie,Peoples acquiring affected by the job: high hazard personsThe kids who do non take part more in out-of-door activities like playing out-of-door games and activities like cycling etc. The people with hapless economical position are besides affected more with fleshiness jobs and the illiterate people who have hapless consciousness on the healthy diet and healthy life styles.Why to concentrate on a peculiar groupThe England is the first in fleshiness in Europe. The adolescents are focused because adolescent age is considered as the cardinal age to larn and develop behaviors. So if healthy behaviors are initiated in the teens the fleshiness and the jobs associated with it might be controlled in the hereafter.How it can be achievedBy developing a community that is cognizant of the jobs that are associated with fleshiness and encouraging teens for more physical activity may acquire alteration in the behavior of immature people. Schools play a critical function in forestalling the childhood fleshiness. It might be helpful if schools develop some intercessions to promote healthy diet and physical activity. Making consciousness among all the household members might be more effectual because there is some grounds that parents with fleshiness job are more likely to hold corpulent kids due to nutrient behaviors, life style and some familial factors ( John J Reilly, 2005 ) . The parents are educated by explicating the hazard factors associated with the fleshiness and they are besides advised to promote the activities like outdoor games which include physical work ( Davis, 2007 ) . By reding and regular showing of their weight. Orr ( 1998 ) states that educating about the measures and thermal values of nutrient by the parents and making a user friendly environment which encourages the physical activity give the satisfactory alteration. Orr ( 1998 ) besides suggests that the eating houses and the local shops might besides take portion by supplying the selective low fat and rich alimentary diet.What is societal marketing write it‘the application of commercial selling engineerings to the analysis, planning, executing, and rating of plans designed to act upon the voluntary behavior of mark audiences in order to better their personal public assistance and that of society ‘ ( Andreasen, 1995 ) .Selling schemes forIn 2009, the figure of prescription points dispensed for the intervention of fleshiness was 1.45 million ; this is more than eleven times the figure in 1999 ( . The selling schemes should be developed in a insouciant manner that focuses on the normal state of affairss in the society. These intercessions should develop by sing the ego efficaciousness of the persons and considerable societal support is provided to them. Making proper consciousness, supplying with the proper cognition on the issue and making the environment that encourages the coveted behavioral alteration may give satisfactory results than concentrating on the peculiar or individual intercession. The selling intercessions are made harmonizing to the kids psychological science, for illustration if the kids are passing their maximal clip in forepart of the screen so promoting them to see the programmes that educate about wellness and programmes that create involvement in out-of-door games may demo a positive alteration.( Social selling scheme for battling fleshiness )The societal selling scheme against fleshiness follows the bench grade standards which includesWhat is the result expected:The voluntary behavioral alteration is the of import result expected from the societal selling. Behavioral alterations like increased physical activity, taking healthy diet like fruits and veggiesExpected behavioral alteration or aim:The behavioral alteration is expected from the mark group that is the kids,Cleavage of audience:Anderson, ( 2005 ) suggests that it about impossible to advert each and every person in the society because the every attack does non suit for all persons. Grier and Bry ant ( 2005 ) claims that the mark end is non suited for all because it depends on the assorted factors like, personal behavior and experiences, single attitudes and demographic variables like age and ethnicity besides show impact on the people. So sectioning the audience is really of import for an effectual societal selling, the cleavage will assist in making the mark group. Segmentation besides helps in concentrating the people with high hazard and to concentrate on the peculiar group to act upon behavioral alterations. The kids between the age of two and 15s are selected the choice include both the genders and the kids from the hapless economical background are more targeted because there is a relationship between economic position and fleshiness ( Youfa wang, 2001 ) .Target audience:The immature adolescent age people are more targeted to alter behaviors like avoiding fast nutrient civilization ; smoke, imbibing and they are encouraged to take part in games to increase physical activity. The fleshiness programme should besides be focused on the people with low literacy because the literacy is itself holding the direct impact on the healthy behavior.Target country:The focal point country will be the in the geographical countries with high incidence of the job and the countries with least wellness behaviors. The people from hapless socio economic background and with low wellness attention services are more concentrated.Wayss to understand consumer barriers:The best manner in turn toing the barriers of the local people is working with the local suppliers as spouses ( siegel and doner, 2004 ) . Taking some research through qualitative methods like questioning the people and their household members to cognize the jobs faced by the people from peculiar country and peculiar group may give an penetration of the behavior of the local people ( Henley and raffin, 2010 ) . Effective communicating is planned by nearing local leaders and the individuals who are most favorable for the mark group because communicating plays a cardinal function in wellness publicity research ( Hastings and Haywood, 1991 ) , for illustration female parent is the individual who can pass on efficaciously with the kids and the other household members besides help to hold a insight expression of the kid and they can actuate the kid to alter the behavior.Target behavioral ends:The set of behavioral ends are planned by utilizing SMART program which includes Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound ends to acquire the best result ( The major end is diminishing the extra weight by altering the current behavior by a set of behavioral alterations. The behavioral alterations include increased physical activity by bring oning self involvement, supervising the Calories and nutrient wonts and showing of the organic structure mass index often. The ends should be planned in an easy come-at-able mode so that the kid can achieve self efficaciousness on the alteration ( Davis et al, 2007 ) . Davis et Al ( 2007 ) besides suggests that parents should develop a uninterrupted communicating on the expected behavioral alterations and a clip end is arranged for all the set of activities or ends.Aim:To better the physical activity of the kids by promoting out-of-door activities like games, cycling etc, through household members and assorted school intercessions. To better the dietetic wonts like eating more fruits and veggies by discontinuing the nutrients with hih fat content or calorific value like fast nutrients.Schemes to implement the ends:Hanley and Raffin ( 2010 ) suggests that the kids below the age of 10 should be planned in a playful manner so that the they show involvement on the activities and the ends for the adolescents should be in a competitory manner with the other kids. A multi degree programme is designed to acquire the policy support, cognition interlingual rendition and the support of local groups is critical to supervise the systems ( WHO, 2010 ) . Schools play an of import function to actuate the kids to alter their behaviors, the fleshiness intercessions used in the schools should concentrate more on achieving healthy weight but non to diminish the weight to obtain a peculiar weight ( Pyle, 2006 ) The authorities policy support is of import to implement the ends in to the populace. Ad through media Public services Promotion Signs and shows Events Strategic confederations Others schemesExecution of the kid fleshiness bar:How to take it to public andMarketing mix refer ( grier and Bryant, 2005 )Marketing mix includes four P ‘s they are, Product, Price, Place and publicity ( Rayner, 2007 ) . Merchandise: in the present societal selling program the merchandise is the services provided to alter the current behavior. The merchandise is accommodating patterns of healthy nutrition and physical activity degrees fatty nutrients avoid and promote fruits n veggies into diet Engagement in minimal degrees of physical activity in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Monetary value: The monetary value of the present mark audience includes the clip disbursement for the. Price is cost spent by client so clip, physical attempt and money for following diet Topographic point: community degree, kids so at schools, institutional degreesPromotion:publicizing media:Action program: or ( rating )whyWho: The kids between the age of two and fifteen How: BY the analysis of present behaviors and by implementing the desired Where whenStrengths:Failing: Henley and reffin ( 2010 ) suggests that the The jobs within the administration include the deficiency of clip, deficiency of resources, working staff and deficiency of support from the direction or wellness attention workers. In add-on the Heakth belief theoretical account ( for fleshiness ) Penetration: why they are accommodating these behaviors ( like eating debris etc from ads and from friends household, sorroundings ) Exchange: what the audience has to ive up to acquire the benefits. Evaluation: The precedence was the on-going medical intervention and there was small clip left to be after, present and get down a new intervention method. The working status was affected by employment jobs, such as portion clip employment, alterations in assignments, deficit of staff, staff turnover, working entirely, no co-worker to work with and excessively many referrals from the doctors. Such organisational jobs had been ongoing for a long clip. There was no coaction between the Centres, and in many instances, Centres merged or closed down. Often the precedence and clip focused on other on-going undertakings, such as group intervention for, i.e. diabetes and tobacco users. There seemed to be a deficiency of support from the direction, doctors and co-workers. Childs are frequently considered the precedence population for intercession schemes because, foremost, weight loss in maturity is hard and there are a greater figure of possible intercessions for kids than for grownups. Schools are a natural scene for act uponing the nutrient and physical activity environments of kids. Other scenes such as preschool establishments and after-school attention services will hold similar chances for action. Second, it is hard to cut down inordinate weight in grownups once it becomes established. Therefore it would be more reasonable to originate bar and intervention of fleshiness during childhood. Prevention may be achieved through a assortment of intercessions aiming built environment, physical activity and diet. For illustration a countrywide run in physical activromoting healthy nutrition and physical activity among kids is developed in.Try to include determiners of wellnessMethods of communicating The undermentioned communications methods are deserving sing: direct mail ; local media ( free documents and wireless ) ; postings ; telemarketing ; and communal Centres.

Company Background of Broadway Circuit

Broadway Cinema was first established in the 1950s and was rebuilt in the existing location, Sai Yeung Choi St. , Mongkok, in 1987. Thereafter, Broadway Circuit has gradually developed to nowadays the largest cinema circuit in Hong Kong. Being operated by Edko Films Ltd, the circuit consists of 11cinemas across the territory, covering all the major locations in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories.By the 53 screens we offer, their customers are able to choose from a wide range of movies upon their tastes and interests. Since 1999, Broadway Circuit has launched www. cinema. com. hk, which provides updated movie information and a platform for movie discussion. Inquiry hotline and email address were also set up to enhance customer communication for improving our service. Internet ticketing and phone ticketing services were launched from 2000 onwards. Moviegoers can select their favorable seat anytime at their convenience. dsfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffsm,nds,m fnds,m fnsdm,fnm,sdn fm,dnsmgnbs n mgb mn sfdbgm nfb sgnmbfdmnfbdgmnbs fdm, ngbfdmn b smn,bg mn fd bsg mnf s dbg mnds Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago. [44][45][46] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Palaeolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site.Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue. [47][48] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China. [49] In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hon g Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue. 50][51][52] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed. [53] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty. [54] During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center.In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region. [55] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty. [56] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Sout hern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Huaizong of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen.

Free Essays on HIV

Introduction The disease Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been around for many years. It was mostly brought to America’s attention when basketball player, Magic Johnson, announced that he had the HIV virus. Since then the HIV virus has been greatly publicized and more discoveries to help the disease have been made. Signs and Symptoms HIV has been found to have many signs and symptoms. The seventeen cardinal signs are the ones that doctors use to diagnose HIV. These signs and symptoms are weight loss, anorexia, increasing debility, adverse drug experiences, fevers, rigors, night sweats, headache, change in vision, diplopia, dysphagia, dyspnea, diarrhea, change in mental status, changing lymphadenopathy, oral lesions, and rashes. When HIV becomes AIDS, the signs and symptoms change slightly. These signs and symptoms are flu like illness, lymph nodes become swollen, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, rashes, night sweats, and fatigue. Memory loss, confusion, and various mental problems are also signs. Opportunistic Diseases The disease HIV also has other diseases involved. HIV can either lead to these diseases or can have these diseases attached. These diseases come in four different categories.  · Category N- Not symptomatic (no signs or only one of category A)  · Category A- Mildly symptomatic (two or more from the list below, none from B or C) o Lymphadenopathy o Hempatomegaly o Splenomegaly o Dermatitis o Parotitis o Recurrent or persistent upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, or obitis media  · Category B- Moderately symptomatic (other than the ones in A or C) o Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia o Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis - Candidiasis, oropharyngeal o Cardiomyopathy o Diarrhea, recurrent or chronic o Hepatitis o Herpes simplex virus stomatitis, recurrent o HSV bronchitis, pneumonitis, esophagitis o Herpes zoster o Leiomuosarcoma o... Free Essays on HIV Free Essays on HIV Introduction The disease Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been around for many years. It was mostly brought to America’s attention when basketball player, Magic Johnson, announced that he had the HIV virus. Since then the HIV virus has been greatly publicized and more discoveries to help the disease have been made. Signs and Symptoms HIV has been found to have many signs and symptoms. The seventeen cardinal signs are the ones that doctors use to diagnose HIV. These signs and symptoms are weight loss, anorexia, increasing debility, adverse drug experiences, fevers, rigors, night sweats, headache, change in vision, diplopia, dysphagia, dyspnea, diarrhea, change in mental status, changing lymphadenopathy, oral lesions, and rashes. When HIV becomes AIDS, the signs and symptoms change slightly. These signs and symptoms are flu like illness, lymph nodes become swollen, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, rashes, night sweats, and fatigue. Memory loss, confusion, and various mental problems are also signs. Opportunistic Diseases The disease HIV also has other diseases involved. HIV can either lead to these diseases or can have these diseases attached. These diseases come in four different categories.  · Category N- Not symptomatic (no signs or only one of category A)  · Category A- Mildly symptomatic (two or more from the list below, none from B or C) o Lymphadenopathy o Hempatomegaly o Splenomegaly o Dermatitis o Parotitis o Recurrent or persistent upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, or obitis media  · Category B- Moderately symptomatic (other than the ones in A or C) o Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia o Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis - Candidiasis, oropharyngeal o Cardiomyopathy o Diarrhea, recurrent or chronic o Hepatitis o Herpes simplex virus stomatitis, recurrent o HSV bronchitis, pneumonitis, esophagitis o Herpes zoster o Leiomuosarcoma o...

Dates for Major Events in Ancient History

Dates for Major Events in Ancient History The major events in ancient history listed in the table below are those  happenings in the world that led to or gravely impacted the rise and decline of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome. Many of the dates cited below are only approximate or traditional. This is particularly true of the events before the rise of Greece and Rome, but the early years of Greece and Rome are also approximations. 4th Millennium BCE 3500:  The first cities are built  by the  Sumerians  at Tell Brak, Uruk, and Hamoukar in Mesopotamias Fertile Crescent.   3000: Cuneiform writing is developed in Uruk  as a way to track commercial trade and taxes.  Ã‚   3rd Millennium BCE 2900: The first defensive walls are built in Mesopotamia.   2686–2160: The first pharaoh Djoser unites upper and lower Egypt for the first time, establishing the Old Kingdom.   2560: The Egyptian architect Imhotep finishes the  Great Pyramid of Cheops on the Giza Plateau. 2nd Millennium BCE 1900–1600: The Minoan culture on the Greek island of Crete becomes a powerhouse of the international shipping trade. 1795–1750:  Hammurabi, who wrote the first legal code, conquers  Mesopotamia, the land between the  Tigris  and Euphrates Rivers. 1650: The Middle Kingdom of Egypt falls apart and Lower Egypt is ruled by the Asiatic Hyksos; the Kushite kingdom rules Upper Egypt. 1600:  The Minoan culture is replaced by the  Mycenaean civilization  of mainland Greece, thought to be the Trojan civilization recorded by Homer. 1550–1069: Ahmose drives out the Hyksos and establishes the New Kingdom dynastic period in Egypt. 1350–1334: Akhenaten introduces (briefly) monotheism in Egypt.   1200: Fall of Troy (if there was a Trojan War). 1st Millennium BCE 995: The Judean King David captures Jerusalem.   8th Century BCE 780–560: Greeks send settlers to create colonies in Asia Minor. 776: Legendary start of the Ancient Olympics. 753: Legendary founding of Rome. 7th Century BCE   621: Greek lawgiver Draco establishes a written but harsh code of laws to punish trivial and serious crimes in Athens.   612: The Babylonians and  Medes  burn the Persian capital of Nineveh,  marking the end of the Assyrian Empire. 6th Century BCE 594:  The Greek philosopher Solon becomes archon (chief magistrate) in Greece and attempts to legislate reforms  with a new code of laws for Athens.   588: Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar conquers Jerusalem and brings the Judean king and thousands of citizens of Judea back to Babylon with him. 585: Greek philosopher  Thales  of Miletus successfully predicts a solar eclipse on May 28. 550: Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. 550: Greek colonies include almost all of the Black Sea area, but begin to find it difficult to survive so far from Athens and make diplomatic compromises with the Persian Empire. 546–538: Cyrus and the Medes defeat Croesus and capture  Lydia.   538: Cyrus allows the Jews in Babylon to return home. 525:  Egypt falls to the Persians and becomes a satrapy under Cyruss son Cambyses.   509: Traditional date for the founding of the Roman Republic. 508: Athenian lawgiver Cleisthenes reforms the constitution of ancient Athens, setting it on a democratic footing. 509: Rome signs a friendship treaty with Carthage. 5th Century BCE 499: After paying tribute and arms to the Persian Empire for several decades, Greek city-states revolt against Persian rule. 492–449: The Persian king Darius the Great invades Greece, kicking off the Persian Wars.   490: Greeks win against the Persians in Battle of Marathon. 480: Xerxes overcomes the Spartans at Thermopylae; at Salamis, the combined Greek navy wins that battle. 479: Battle of Plataea is won by the Greeks, effectively ending the second Persian invasion. 483: Indian philosopher Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563–483) dies and his followers begin to organize a religious movement based on his teachings. 479: Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479) dies, and his disciples carry on. 461–429: Greek statesman Pericles (494–429) leads a period of economic growth and cultural flourishing, also known as the Golden Age of Greece.   449: Persia and Athens sign the Peace of Callias, officially ending the Persian Wars. 431–404: The Peloponnesian War pits Athens against Sparta.  Ã‚   430–426: The Plague of Athens kills an estimated 300,000 people, among them Pericles. 4th Century BCE 371: Sparta is defeated at the battle at Leuctra.   346: Philip II of Macedon (382–336) forces Athens to accept the Peace of Philocrates, a peace treaty marking the end of Greek independence. 336: Philips son Alexander the Great (356–323) rules Macedonia. 334: Alexander fights and wins against the Persians at the Battle of Granicus in Anatolia. 333: Macedonian forces under Alexander defeat  the Persians at the Battle of Issus. 332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds Alexandria, and installs a Greek government but leaves the next year. 331: At the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeats the Persian king Darius III. 326: Alexander reaches the limit of his expansion, winning the Battle of the Hydaspes in the northern Punjab region of what is today Pakistan. 324: The Mauryan empire  in India is founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the first ruler  to unite most of the Indian subcontinent. 323: Alexander dies, and his empire falls apart as his generals, the diadochi, battle one another for supremacy. 305: The first Greek pharaoh of Egypt, Ptolemy I, takes over the reins and establishes the Ptolemaic dynasty. 3rd Century BCE 265–241: The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage is waged with no decisive winner.   240: Greek mathematician Eratosthenes (276–194) measures the Earths circumference. 221–206:  Qin Shi Huang  (259–210) unites China for the first time, beginning the Qin Dynasty; construction on the Great Wall begins. 218–201: The Second Punic War begins in Carthage, this time led by the Phoenician leader Hannibal (247–183) and a force supported by elephants; he loses to the Romans and later commits suicide.   215–148: The Macedonian Wars lead to Romes control of Greece. 206: The Han Dynasty rules in China, led by  Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), who uses the Silk Road to make trade connections as far as the Mediterranean. 2nd Century BCE 149–146: The Third Punic War is waged, and at the end, according to legend, the Romans salt the land so Carthaginians can no longer live there.   135: The first Servile War is conducted when the slaves of Sicily revolt against Rome. 133–123: The Gracchi brothers attempt to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.   1st Century BCE 91–88: The Social War (or Marsic War) begins,  a rebellion waged by Italians who want Roman citizenship. 88–63: The Mithridatic Wars are fought by Rome against the Pontic empire  and its allies. 60: Roman leaders  Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar form the 1st Triumvirate.   55: Julius  Caesar invades Britain. 49: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, precipitating the Roman Civil War. 44: On the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar is assassinated. 43: The 2nd Triumvirate, that of Marc Antony, Octavian, and M Aemillius Lepidus, is established.   31: At the Battle of Actium, Antony and the last Ptolemaic pharaoh Cleopatra VII are defeated and soon after Augustus (Octavian) becomes the first emperor of Rome. 1st Century CE 9: German tribes destroy 3 Roman legions under P. Quinctilius Varnus in the Teutoberg Forest. 33: Judean philosopher Jesus (3 BCE–33 CE)  is executed by Rome and his followers continue. 64: Rome burns while Nero (supposedly) fiddles.   79: Mount Vesuvius erupts burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 2nd Century CE 122: Roman soldiers begin building Hadrians Wall, a defensive structure that will eventually stretch 70 miles across Northern England and marks the northern limit of the empire in Great Britain. 3rd Century CE 212: The  Edict of Caracalla extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire. 284–305: The Roman Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman empire into four administrative units known as the Roman Tetrarchy, and afterward there was usually more than one imperial head of Rome. 4th Century CE 313: Decree of Milan legalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire. 324: Constantine the Great establishes his capital at Byzantium (Constantinople). 378: Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle at Adrianople. 5th Century CE 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigoths. 426: Augustine writes City of God, in support of Christianity in Rome. 451: Attila the Hun (406–453) faces the Visigoths and Romans together in the Battle of Chalons. He then invades Italy but is convinced to withdraw by Pope Leo I.   453: Attila the Hun dies.   455: Vandals sack Rome. 476: Arguably, the western Roman Empire ends when Emperor Romulus Augustulus is removed from office.

Cultural,socio-phycho,migrant Identity and magic realism in the works Dissertation

Cultural,socio-phycho,migrant Identity and magic realism in the works of salman Rushdie - Dissertation Example Rushdie’s second novel, Midnight’s Children is a book that had elements of magic realism in it. Several literatures shall be reviewed to show the extent at which Salman Rushdie integrated cultural, socio-psycho, migrant identity and migrant identity into his works. Rushdie is an author that actually writes in English, but the fact remains that he is an author that still keeps the culture of his Indian origin at heart and this is evident in his writings. Zimringa believes that this adds to the cultural elements that Rushdie integrates into his works (Zmiringa 5-6). In his article, The passionate cosmopolitan in Salman Rushdie's Fury, Zmiringa came to the conclusion that Rushdie tried to reach out to his readers on the issue of cultural diversity and how some cultures and countries try to dominate other cultures and countries. Zmiringa believed that Rushdie’s Fury that was written in 2001 was his (Rushdie) attempt to show the extent at which his works contained ele ments of migrant identity as Zmiringa’s The passionate cosmopolitan in Salman Rushdie's Fury highlights the experience of American immigrants that was evident in Rushdie’s works.

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services Essay

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services - Essay Example HHS has taken several enforcement actions (as demonstrated by 4 examples). There are many U.S. Court rulings of interest regarding HHS (as demonstrated by 6 examples). The Cabinet is the highest executive branch of the federal government of the United States of America. It consists of officers (each designated as ‘Secretary’ except the Attorney General) whose nomination is first made by the President and later confirmed by the Senate. Each Secretary is the head of a Department (Wikipedia, 2007). Prior to 1979, there existed the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). In operation since 1953, its affairs were managed by the United States Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare. The last Secretary of this Department was Patricia Roberts Harris (1979). In the years leading up to 1979 there was an increasingly uneasy feeling that the HEW was over-burdened as health, education and welfare assumed greater importance as the American population grew. With its finger on the pulse of the American people, the ruling Democrats took the revolutionary step of reorganizing the HEW. On October 17, 1979, the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, signed as ordinance the Department of Education Organization Act (PL 96-98). Marking the one and only time in U.S. history that a President used his inherent authority to reorganize a Cabinet-level Department, this Act officially separated the HEW into two Departments – the United States Department of Health & Human S ervices (HHS), and the United States Department of Education (ED). Both HHS and ED started operating officially on May 4, 1980 (Wikipedia, 2007). The HHS was further strengthened on March 31, 1995, when the welfare portfolio was taken from it and entrusted to a newly created independent federal agency called Social Security Administration headed by a commissioner who reported directly to the President. The glaring defects of the much-criticized Aid